References

Andersson, Charlotte, Andrew D Johnson, Emelia J Benjamin, Daniel Levy, and Ramachandran S Vasan. 2019. “70-Year Legacy of the Framingham Heart Study.” Nature Reviews Cardiology, 1.
Arbuthnott, Katherine, Shakoor Hajat, Clare Heaviside, and Sotiris Vardoulakis. 2016. “Changes in Population Susceptibility to Heat and Cold over Time: Assessing Adaptation to Climate Change.” Environmental Health 15 (1): 73–93.
———. 2018. “What Is Cold-Related Mortality? A Multi-Disciplinary Perspective to Inform Climate Change Impact Assessments.” Environment International 121: 119–29.
Armstrong, Ben. 2006. “Models for the Relationship Between Ambient Temperature and Daily Mortality.” Epidemiology, 624–31.
Armstrong, Ben G, Antonio Gasparrini, and Aurelio Tobias. 2014. “Conditional Poisson Models: A Flexible Alternative to Conditional Logistic Case Cross-over Analysis.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 14 (1): 122.
Armstrong, Ben, Shakoor Hajat, Sari Kovats, Simon Lloyd, Noah Scovronick, and Paul Wilkinson. 2012. “Commentary: Climate ChangeHow Can Epidemiology Best Inform Policy?” Epidemiology 23 (6): 780–84.
Austin, Nichole, Sam Harper, and Erin Strumpf. 2016. “Does Segregation Lead to Lower Birth Weight?” Epidemiology 27 (5): 682–89.
Balbus, J, A Crimmins, JL Gamble, DR Easterling, KE Kunkel, S Saha, and MC Sarofim. 2016. “Introduction: Climate Change and Human Health.” In The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment, 24–42. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program.
Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Antonio Gasparrini, Loredana Vizzini, Franco Merletti, and Lorenzo Richiardi. 2011. “Effects of Italian Smoking Regulation on Rates of Hospital Admission for Acute Coronary Events: A Country-Wide Study.” PloS One 6 (3): e17419.
Basu, Rupa, Francesca Dominici, and Jonathan M Samet. 2005. “Temperature and Mortality Among the Elderly in the United States: A Comparison of Epidemiologic Methods.” Epidemiology, 58–66.
Benichou, Jacques. 2006. “Attributable Risk.” Encyclopedia of Environmetrics 1.
Bernal, James Lopez, Steven Cummins, and Antonio Gasparrini. 2017. “Interrupted Time Series Regression for the Evaluation of Public Health Interventions: A Tutorial.” International Journal of Epidemiology 46 (1): 348–55.
Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Antonio Gasparrini, Shakoor Hajat, Liam Smeeth, and Ben Armstrong. 2013. “Time Series Regression Studies in Environmental Epidemiology.” International Journal of Epidemiology 42 (4): 1187–95.
Block, Jason P, Nicholas A Christakis, A James O’malley, and SV Subramanian. 2011. “Proximity to Food Establishments and Body Mass Index in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort over 30 Years.” American Journal of Epidemiology 174 (10): 1108–14.
Bor, Jacob, Ellen Moscoe, Portia Mutevedzi, Marie-Louise Newell, and Till Bärnighausen. 2014. “Regression Discontinuity Designs in Epidemiology: Causal Inference Without Randomized Trials.” Epidemiology 25 (5): 729.
Bottomley, Christian, J Anthony G Scott, and Valerie Isham. 2019. “Analysing Interrupted Time Series with a Control.” Epidemiologic Methods 8 (1).
Bradburn, Michael J, Taane G Clark, Sharon B Love, and Douglas G Altman. 2003a. “Survival Analysis Part II: Multivariate Data Analysis–an Introduction to Concepts and Methods.” British Journal of Cancer 89 (3): 431–36.
———. 2003b. “Survival Analysis Part III: Multivariate Data Analysis–Choosing a Model and Assessing Its Adequacy and Fit.” British Journal of Cancer 89 (4): 605–11.
Breslow, Rosalind A, Rachel Ballard-Barbash, Kathryn Munoz, and Barry I Graubard. 2001. “Long-Term Recreational Physical Activity and Breast Cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey i Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.” Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 10 (7): 805–8.
Brookhart, M Alan, Richard Wyss, J Bradley Layton, and Til Stürmer. 2013. “Propensity Score Methods for Confounding Control in Nonexperimental Research.” Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 6 (5): 604–11.
Casey, Joan A, Deborah Karasek, Elizabeth L Ogburn, Dana E Goin, Kristina Dang, Paula A Braveman, and Rachel Morello-Frosch. 2018. “Retirements of Coal and Oil Power Plants in California: Association with Reduced Preterm Birth Among Populations Nearby.” American Journal of Epidemiology 187 (8): 1586–94.
Chang, Winston. 2018. R Graphics Cookbook: Practical Recipes for Visualizing Data. O’Reilly Media.
Clark, Taane G, Michael J Bradburn, Sharon B Love, and Douglas G Altman. 2003. “Survival Analysis Part i: Basic Concepts and First Analyses.” British Journal of Cancer 89 (2): 232–38.
Cole, Stephen R, and Miguel A Hernán. 2008. “Constructing Inverse Probability Weights for Marginal Structural Models.” American Journal of Epidemiology 168 (6): 656–64.
Dawber, Thomas R, Gilcin F Meadors, and Felix E Moore Jr. 1951. “Epidemiological Approaches to Heart Disease: The Framingham Study.” American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health 41 (3): 279–86.
Dawber, Thomas R, Felix E Moore, and George V Mann. 2015. “II. Coronary Heart Disease in the Framingham Study.” International Journal of Epidemiology 44 (6): 1767–80.
Dimick, Justin B, and Andrew M Ryan. 2014. “Methods for Evaluating Changes in Health Care Policy: The Difference-in-Differences Approach.” Jama 312 (22): 2401–2.
Dominici, Francesca, and Roger D Peng. 2008a. “Exploratory Data Analysis.” In Statistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with r, 41–67. Springer.
———. 2008b. “Statistical Issues in Estimating the Health Effects of Spatial–Temporal Environmental Exposures.” In Statistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with r, 31–40. Springer.
———. 2008c. “Studies of Air Pollution and Health.” In Statistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with r, 1–6. Springer.
Dunn, Peter K, and Gordon K Smyth. 2018. “Statistical Models.” In Generalized Linear Models with Examples in r, 1–30. Springer.
Ebi, Kristie L. 2015. “Greater Understanding Is Needed of Whether Warmer and Shorter Winters Associated with Climate Change Could Reduce Winter Mortality.” Environmental Research Letters 10 (11): 111002.
Gasparrini, Antonio. 2014. “Modeling Exposure–Lag–Response Associations with Distributed Lag Non-Linear Models.” Statistics in Medicine 33 (5): 881–99.
Gasparrini, Antonio, and Ben Armstrong. 2010. “Time Series Analysis on the Health Effects of Temperature: Advancements and Limitations.” Environmental Research 110 (6): 633–38.
Gasparrini, Antonio, and Michela Leone. 2014. “Attributable Risk from Distributed Lag Models.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 14 (1): 1–8.
Gelman, Andrew, and Jennifer Hill. 2006. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge university press.
Gibbons, Robert D, Donald Hedeker, and Stephen DuToit. 2010. “Advances in Analysis of Longitudinal Data.” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 6: 79–107.
Gillum, Richard F, Deborah D Ingram, and Diane M Makuc. 1994. “White Blood Cell Count and Stroke Incidence and Death: The NHANES i Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 139 (9): 894–902.
Gosling, Simon N, David M Hondula, Aditi Bunker, Dolores Ibarreta, Junguo Liu, Xinxin Zhang, and Rainer Sauerborn. 2017. “Adaptation to Climate Change: A Comparative Analysis of Modeling Methods for Heat-Related Mortality.” Environmental Health Perspectives 125 (8): 087008.
Greenland, Sander. 2000. “An Introduction to Instrumental Variables for Epidemiologists.” International Journal of Epidemiology 29 (4): 722–29.
Greenland, Sander, Judea Pearl, and James M Robins. 1999. “Confounding and Collapsibility in Causal Inference.” Statistical Science 14 (1): 29–46.
Greenland, Sander, and James M Robins. 1988. “Conceptual Problems in the Definition and Interpretation of Attributable Fractions.” American Journal of Epidemiology 128 (6): 1185–97.
Haber, Noah A, Emma Clarke-Deelder, Joshua A Salomon, Avi Feller, and Elizabeth A Stuart. In Press. “COVID-19 Policy Impact Evaluation: A Guide to Common Design Issues.” American Journal of Epidemiology, In Press.
Hajat, Shakoor, and Antonio Gasparrini. 2016. “The Excess Winter Deaths Measure: Why Its Use Is Misleading for Public Health Understanding of Cold-Related Health Impacts.” Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 27 (4): 486.
Healy, Kieran. 2018. Data Visualization: A Practical Introduction. Princeton University Press.
Hernán, Miguel A. 2010. “The Hazards of Hazard Ratios.” Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) 21 (1): 13.
Hernán, Miguel A, and James M Robins. 2020a. “Instrumental Variable Estimation.” In Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
———. 2020b. “IP Weighting and Marginal Structural Models.” In Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
———. 2020c. “Outcome Regression and Propensity Scores.” In Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
———. 2020d. “Treatment-Confounder Feedback.” In Causal Inference: What If. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Howe, Katherine B, Christian Suharlim, Peter Ueda, Daniel Howe, Ichiro Kawachi, and Eric B Rimm. 2016. “Gotta Catch’em All! Pokémon GO and Physical Activity Among Young Adults: Difference in Differences Study.” Bmj 355.
Imai, Chisato, Ben Armstrong, Zaid Chalabi, Punam Mangtani, and Masahiro Hashizume. 2015. “Time Series Regression Model for Infectious Disease and Weather.” Environmental Research 142: 319–27.
Ingram, DD, and DM Makuc. 1994. “Statistical Issues in Analyzing the NHANES i Epidemiologic Followup Study. Series 2: Data Evaluation and Methods Research.” Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data Evaluation and Methods Research, no. 121: 1–30.
James, Gareth, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. 2013. “Linear Regression.” In An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in r, 59–126. Springer.
Kant, AK, A Schatzkin, BI Graubard, and R Ballard-Barbash. 1995. “Frequency of Eating Occasions and Weight Change in the NHANES i Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.” International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 19 (7): 468–74.
Kinney, Patrick L. 2018. “Temporal Trends in Heat-Related Mortality: Implications for Future Projections.” Atmosphere 9 (10): 409.
Kinney, Patrick L, Marie S O’Neill, Michelle L Bell, and Joel Schwartz. 2008. “Approaches for Estimating Effects of Climate Change on Heat-Related Deaths: Challenges and Opportunities.” Environmental Science & Policy 11 (1): 87–96.
Kinney, Patrick L, Joel Schwartz, Mathilde Pascal, Elisaveta Petkova, Alain Le Tertre, Sylvia Medina, and Robert Vautard. 2015. “Winter Season Mortality: Will Climate Warming Bring Benefits?” Environmental Research Letters 10 (6): 064016.
Korn, Edward L, and Barry I Graubard. 1991. “Epidemiologic Studies Utilizing Surveys: Accounting for the Sampling Design.” American Journal of Public Health 81 (9): 1166–73.
Lee, Brian K, Justin Lessler, and Elizabeth A Stuart. 2010. “Improving Propensity Score Weighting Using Machine Learning.” Statistics in Medicine 29 (3): 337–46.
Lee, Whanhee, Ho Kim, Sunghee Hwang, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel D Schwartz, and Yeonseung Chung. 2017. “Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Estimation for the Minimum Mortality Temperature in Temperature-Mortality Association Study.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 17 (1): 1–10.
Linden, Ariel. 2017. “Challenges to Validity in Single-Group Interrupted Time Series Analysis.” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 23 (2): 413–18.
Lopez Bernal, James A, Antonio Gasparrini, Carlos M Artundo, and Martin McKee. 2013. “The Effect of the Late 2000s Financial Crisis on Suicides in Spain: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis.” The European Journal of Public Health 23 (5): 732–36.
Loucks, Eric B, Michal Abrahamowicz, Yongling Xiao, and John W Lynch. 2011. “Associations of Education with 30 Year Life Course Blood Pressure Trajectories: Framingham Offspring Study.” BMC Public Health 11 (1): 1–10.
Lu, Yun, and Scott L Zeger. 2007. “On the Equivalence of Case-Crossover and Time Series Methods in Environmental Epidemiology.” Biostatistics 8 (2): 337–44.
Maciejewski, Matthew L, and Anirban Basu. 2020. “Regression Discontinuity Design.” Jama 324 (4): 381–82.
Madans, Jennifer H, Christine S Cox, Joel C Kleinman, Diane Makuc, Jacob J Feldman, Fanchon F Finucane, Helen E Barbano, and Joan Cornoni-Huntley. 1986. “10 Years After NHANES i: Mortality Experience at Initial Followup, 1982-84.” Public Health Reports 101 (5): 474.
Magni, Guido, Maura Marchetti, Claudio Moreschi, Harold Merskey, and Silio Rigatti Luchini. 1993. “Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and Depressive Symptoms in the National Health and Nutrition Examination i. Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.” Pain 53 (2): 163–68.
Mendola, Pauline. 2018. “Invited Commentary: The Power of Preterm Birth to Motivate a Cleaner Environment.” American Journal of Epidemiology 187 (8): 1595–97.
Mussolino, Michael E, Anne C Looker, Jennifer H Madans, Jean A Langlois, and Eric S Orwoll. 1998. “Risk Factors for Hip Fracture in White Men: The NHANES i Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 13 (6): 918–24.
Northridge, Mary E. 1995. “Public Health Methods–Attributable Risk as a Link Between Causality and Public Health Action.” American Journal of Public Health 85 (9): 1202–4.
Rice, Mary B, Petter L Ljungman, Elissa H Wilker, Diane R Gold, Joel D Schwartz, Petros Koutrakis, George R Washko, George T O’Connor, and Murray A Mittleman. 2013. “Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Lung Function in the Framingham Heart Study.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188 (11): 1351–57.
Robinson, David. 2014. “Broom: An r Package for Converting Statistical Analysis Objects into Tidy Data Frames.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:1412.3565.
Samet, Jonathan M. 2016. “Epidemiology and the Tobacco Epidemic: How Research on Tobacco and Health Shaped Epidemiology.” American Journal of Epidemiology 183 (5): 394–402.
Sargent, Richard P, Robert M Shepard, and Stanton A Glantz. 2004. “Reduced Incidence of Admissions for Myocardial Infarction Associated with Public Smoking Ban: Before and After Study.” Bmj 328 (7446): 977–80.
Steenland, Kyle, and Ben Armstrong. 2006. “An Overview of Methods for Calculating the Burden of Disease Due to Specific Risk Factors.” Epidemiology, 512–19.
Su, L Joseph, and Lenore Arab. 2001. “Nutritional Status of Folate and Colon Cancer Risk: Evidence from NHANES i Epidemiologic Follow-up Study.” Annals of Epidemiology 11 (1): 65–72.
Tobıas, Aurelio, Ben Armstrong, and Antonio Gasparrini. 2017. “Investigating Uncertainty in the Minimum Mortality Temperature.” Epidemiology 28: 72–76.
Turner, Simon L, Amalia Karahalios, Andrew B Forbes, Monica Taljaard, Jeremy M Grimshaw, Elizabeth Korevaar, Allen C Cheng, Lisa Bero, and Joanne E McKenzie. 2021. “Creating Effective Interrupted Time Series Graphs: Review and Recommendations.” Research Synthesis Methods 12 (1): 106–17.
Valenzuela, Pedro L, Pedro Carrera-Bastos, Beatriz G Gálvez, Gema Ruiz-Hurtado, José M Ordovas, Luis M Ruilope, and Alejandro Lucia. 2021. “Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension.” Nature Reviews Cardiology 18 (4): 251–75.
Vargas, Clemencia M, Deborah D Ingram, and Richard F Gillum. 2000. “Incidence of Hypertension and Educational Attainment the NHANES i Epidemiologic Followup Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 152 (3): 272–78.
Venkataramani, Atheendar S, Jacob Bor, and Anupam B Jena. 2016. “Regression Discontinuity Designs in Healthcare Research.” Bmj 352.
Vicedo-Cabrera, Ana M, Francesco Sera, and Antonio Gasparrini. 2019. “Hands-on Tutorial on a Modeling Framework for Projections of Climate Change Impacts on Health.” Epidemiology 30 (3): 321–29.
Westreich, Daniel, Justin Lessler, and Michele Jonsson Funk. 2010. “Propensity Score Estimation: Machine Learning and Classification Methods as Alternatives to Logistic Regression.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 63 (8): 826.
Wickham, Hadley, and Garrett Grolemund. 2016. R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data. " O’Reilly Media, Inc.".
Wong, Nathan D. 2014. “Epidemiological Studies of CHD and the Evolution of Preventive Cardiology.” Nature Reviews Cardiology 11 (5): 276–89.
Wong, Nathan D, Adrienne Cupples, Adrian M Ostfeld, Daniel Levy, and William B Kannel. 1989. “Risk Factors for Long-Term Coronary Prognosis After Initial Myocardial Infarction: The Framingham Study.” American Journal of Epidemiology 130 (3): 469–80.
Zhou, Bin, Pablo Perel, George A Mensah, and Majid Ezzati. 2021. “Global Epidemiology, Health Burden and Effective Interventions for Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension.” Nature Reviews Cardiology, 1–18.
Ziaeian, Boback, and Gregg C Fonarow. 2016. “Epidemiology and Aetiology of Heart Failure.” Nature Reviews Cardiology 13 (6): 368–78.